What does 'p-factor' refer to in aviation terminology?

In aviation terminology, 'p-factor' specifically refers to the asymmetrical thrust generated by a propeller when an aircraft is at a high angle of attack, such as during climbs or slow flight. This phenomenon occurs due to the differing airflow over the blades of the propeller as the aircraft tilts. The descending blade creates more lift and therefore more thrust than the ascending blade, leading to a yawing motion towards the side of the ascending blade.

Understanding p-factor is crucial for pilots, especially when maneuvering during high angles of attack, as it can significantly impact the aircraft's handling and performance. Recognizing and compensating for p-factor is essential for maintaining control, particularly in single-engine aircraft, where the effects can be more pronounced.

The other options describe concepts that are unrelated to p-factor. The rate of fuel consumption does not account for the aerodynamic behaviors of the aircraft. A method for calculating takeoff distance relates to performance metrics and environmental factors, while the degree of tilt during a banked turn pertains to flight path navigation rather than the thrust dynamics of a propeller.